↑ Kaplan Andreas; Michael Haenlein (2018) Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence, Business Horizons, 62(1)
1 2 3 AI becomes hugely successful in the early 21st century
1 2 Pamela McCorduck (2004, pp. 424) writes of "the rough shattering of AI in subfields—vision, natural language, decision theory, genetic algorithms, robotics ... and these with own sub-subfield—that would hardly have anything to say to each other."
↑ This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including:
↑ Biological intelligence vs. intelligence in general:
1 2 This is a central idea of Pamela McCorduck's Machines Who Think. She writes: "I like to think of artificial intelligence as the scientific apotheosis of a venerable cultural tradition." (McCorduck 2004, p. 34) "Artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has pervaded Western intellectual history, a dream in urgent need of being realized." (McCorduck 2004, p. xviii) "Our history is full of attempts—nutty, eerie, comical, earnest, legendary and real—to make artificial intelligences, to reproduce what is the essential us—bypassing the ordinary means. Back and forth between myth and reality, our imaginations supplying what our workshops couldn't, we have engaged for a long time in this odd form of self-reproduction." (McCorduck 2004, p. 3) She traces the desire back to its Hellenistic roots and calls it the urge to "forge the Gods." (McCorduck 2004, pp. 340–400)
↑ “Artificial Intelligence”. Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (bằng tiếng Anh). Ngày 30 tháng 11 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 7 năm 2019. Bảo trì CS1: Ngôn ngữ không rõ (link)
↑ Schaeffer J. (2009) Didn't Samuel Solve That Game?. In: One Jump Ahead. Springer, Boston, MA
↑ Samuel, A. L. (tháng 7 năm 1959). “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers”. IBM Journal of Research and Development 3 (3): 210–229. doi:10.1147/rd.33.0210. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |citeseerx= (trợ giúp)
↑ "Golden years" of AI (successful symbolic reasoning programs 1956–1973):
↑ DARPA pours money into undirected pure research into AI during the 1960s:
↑ “柯洁迎19岁生日 雄踞人类世界排名第一已两年” (bằng tiếng Trung Quốc). Tháng 5 năm 2017. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 11 tháng 8 năm 2017. Bảo trì CS1: Ngôn ngữ không rõ (link)
1 2 3 4 5 Clark, Jack (ngày 8 tháng 12 năm 2015). “Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence”. Bloomberg News. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 23 tháng 11 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 11 năm 2016. After a half-decade of quiet breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, 2015 has been a landmark year. Computers are smarter and learning faster than ever.
↑ Psychological evidence of sub-symbolic reasoning:
Wason & Shapiro (1966)Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFWasonShapiro1966 (trợ giúp) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task)
Lakoff & Núñez (2000)Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFLakoffNúñez2000 (trợ giúp) have controversially argued that even our skills at mathematics depend on knowledge and skills that come from "the body", i.e. sensorimotor and perceptual skills. (See Where Mathematics Comes From)
